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EXTERNAL MAGNETIC FIELD PROPULSION SYSTEM (ExMF-PS)
By:
Mahmoud E. Yousif
C/O Physics Department - The
Nairobi-Kenya
ABSTRACT
Several mechanisms were developed from
the Magnetic Interaction hypothesis (MIH) and the related Universal
Energies (UE) of captured charged particles produced by External
Magnetic Field (ExMF), using rotating low magnetic fields (RLMF) operated from a
solenoid. It is the ExMF that leads to energization of these particles.
Electromotive force (e.m.f) can be generated across a conductor terminal nearby or
directly influenced by several turns of a rotating ExMF.
If a RLMF is produced to
penetrate bismuth in a mechanism (as suggested), then the produced ExMF
interacts with the bismuth, resulting in continuous, enormous and momentary force, or ExMF
force, to propel the mechanism. These mechanisms are extended to apply to the
propulsion of several systems among them two flying objects (FO).
1: INTRODUCTION
Continued efforts have been made to
harness nature for human requirements, particularly in the energy sector. At
present the required energy is that which could be manipulated using particles
from the Sun or other Stars as classified by Nikolai Kardashev
[1].
The new approach in fundamental physics
as introduced by The Magnetic Interaction Hypothesis (MIH)
[2]
and The Spinning Magnetic Force (SMF)
[3]
that leads to a process for producing external magnetic field (ExMF)
which is shown in my Universal Energies
(UE) document [4] is further enhanced by the introduction of the Elements
of Magnetic Lines of Force (EMLF)
[5].
As a result this added refinement has led to an entirely new hypothesis
regarding energy transformation and possibly a propulsion system that may
propel flying objects (FO).
The production of ExMF outside an atom has
already been suggested [6] as well as its implementation in the propulsion of FO
[7]. In this respect it is the aim of this paper to propose on a theoretical
basis a propelling method for flying objects which utilizes the production of ExMF.
Therefore, in this paper is presented a general study of flying objects which
have attached mechanisms that utilize ExMF - such as small electric
generators capable of providing the necessary electric currents to these FOs
and general usage, as well as new methods for propelling ground systems
(vehicles).
This work suggests in Chapter 2:0 a
method for capturing and energization of charged particles as well as the
production of the necessary ExMF [4]. This work also proposes for the sustainability of that
energy production a number of purposely designed machines. In chapter 3:0 both
the process of obtaining charged particles (of electrons and protons) and the
processes of obtaining the required rotating low magnetic fields (RLMF)
are elaborated.
In Chapter 4:0 is given an example for
generating electricity using ExMF, while Chapter 5:0 shows the
principle translational force to be obtained from the interaction of external
magnetic fields with diamagnetic materials. Chapter 6:0 investigates the
operational background of an ExMF-propulsion system (ExMF-PS)
and its associated provision of charged particles. Differences are explained
between the translation force and propulsion force for the flying objects, and
the concept of ExMF propulsion force, which is a continuous, enormous and momentary force, is
presented. Chapter 7:0 then explains the mechanisms and forces involved in
flying objects; forces such as ExMF levitation force (FExL)
or ascending force (FExA), ExMF driving force (FExD),
ExMF
stability force (FExS), ExMF brake force (FExB)
and the ExMF resulted force (FExR). Hypothetical
examples of ExMF driving force resulted from an interaction between ExMF
with bismuth is also given. Chapter 8:0 gives an example for production of ExMF
and energization of electrons. Finally chapter 9:0 presents the hypothetical
operational characteristics of the External Magnetic Field Propulsion System (ExMF-PS).
Since the ExMF-PS
mechanism is based on a somewhat 'different' and unique concept of energy
transformation, with a technique that primarily utilizes ambient or
interstellar charged particles (electrons, protons and positrons) to produce
its ExMF,
as long as this propelling force is continuous and linked with propellant (of
said ambient or interstellar charged particles), then propulsion will persist
continually, and require it to carry no fuel-load of propellant mass. That means that the ExMF-PS craft could
attain any required maximum transit speed physically and momentarily, simply by
ionizing the required electrons from the ambient air, solar wind, interstellar
fields (or from the controlled injection of electrons that can also be provided
from within the craft by the same mechanism in back-up situations), making such
craft suitable for both earthly transportations and space travel [8]. Indeed,
suggestions will then be included as to how the ExMF-PS mechanism can in
turn overcome all perceived difficulties presented by Marc G. Millis of NASA [9], for
space propellants which so far approximate concepts such as the utilization of
magnetic fields to provide solar wind sails in order to propel spacecraft [10].
It is then suggested how the ExMF-PS
can form a theoretical base for the Searl Effect Generator (SEG)
[11] and the Magnetic-Gravity Effects [12] as an inverse-gravity device, further modified by the Roschin Godin Searl
Generator (M-RG-Searl-G) [13]
which also provides a practical method for generating abundant amounts of
electricity.
2: ExMF PRODUCTION AND ENERGIZATION OF
CHARGED PARTICLES
2:1 ExMF PRODUCTION
Fig.1, shows the capturing and
energization machines. By operating the electric motors 2 and 12 the solenoid
13 rotates while producing a rotating low magnetic field (RLMF) 14, electromagnetic
radiation 15 ionizes electrons that interact with the RLMF to produce an
intense external magnetic field (ExMF) 16, as expressed in my The Universal Energies document [4]
Where, 
is the previous magnetic field (starting with original field
B1) in Tesla, c is speed of light in m.s-1, l is the effective length of the
magnetic lines of force (along which charged particles gyrates) in meters, q is
the elementary charge in Coulomb, nm is the number of charged
particles along one meter length, m is the mass of charged particles in kg, vc is
velocity of captured charged particle in m.s-1, γps
is the relative magnitudes of the primary and secondary ExMF in the final
production of ExMF [4], with the value108 being the number of lines
of force in m2 (equivalent to one Tesla) that could produce one volt
[5]
and the produced BEI is in Tesla.
With respect to Fig.1 in the ‘Elements
of Magnetic Lines of Force’ [5],
the distance D between any two magnetic lines of force will determine the
charged particle's penetration capability towards the deeper lines. The
cross-section of lines of forces in any circumference is given by
Where, NS is the number of
lines of force along any cross-sectional side of the bundle, D is the distance
between two lines of force [5],
and NC is the number of lines in circumferential layers.
From Eq.{2}, the capability of the RLMF
in capturing charged particles is divided into three regional groups: the outer
most of which are of fewer lines but capture most charged particles, followed
by the central lines, while the most inner are the greatest number of lines
each capturing the least amount of particles.
In a region of rotating magnetic lines
of force with field intensity of one Tesla, the relative percentage of magnetic
lines of force in the 1st group (Nc1) is:
The relative percentage for the 2nd
group (Nc1) is
The relative percentage for the 3rd
group (Nc3) is
The amount of charged particles (nm) captured along one meter
of line of force by the 1st 2nd and 3rd groups
are thought to be nm1 =
80%, nm2 = 15% and nm3 = 5% of the total
captured amount; therefore, produced ExMF shown in Graph.1, is given by:
Gyrating charged particles shown in
Fig.1, while building intense ExMF 16 and given by Eq.{6} will
have very small radius producing high excitation [4], leading to an emission of synchrotron radiation, the
wavelength of which depends on gyrating radius [14].
2:2 MACRO-ENERGIZATIONS OF CHARGED
PARTICLES
The building up of ExMF given by Eq.{6}, the macro-level of kinetic energy K
of charged particles derived from micro-level [4], it is given by:
Where, BEI is the rotating magnetic field
in Tesla, B2 is the circular magnetic field of charged particle (CMF)
in Tesla, rm is the magnetic radius of CMF
in meter, 
is the angle
between the two fields BEI and B2 (CMF) at interaction
moment, dK (dX = dY
+ dZ) is three
dimension distance traveled by the magnetic line of force in meters.
Since the three dimension distance dK
traveled by the magnetic field BEI is covered in a
time t, therefore it is postulated that, the three dimension distance dK is given by
Where, vx is the x direction
velocity in m.s-1, vy is
the y direction velocity in m.s-1, vz
is z direction velocity in m.s-1, t is the
time in second.
Substituting Eq.{6}
with BEI in Eq.{9}, therefore the change of energy Ki is given by:
Where, the kinetic energy K is in
Joules.
Levels of energy built up given by
Eq.{10} and shown in Figs.1, gained by gyrating charged particles, may be
approximately computed as measured elsewhere [4], hence:
Where, K1,
2:3
SUSTAINABILITY OF ExMF
Charged particles energized to value KTS
given by Eq.{11}, will radiate synchrotron radiation
[14], the quanta of radiated energy is known as:
Where, f is the radiated frequency in Hz,
λ is the radiated wavelength in meters, h is Plank constant in J.s-1, c
is the speed of light in m.s-1 and the radiated synchrotron energy EC
is in Joules.
Systems shown in Figs.1, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8
and 9 operate electric motors to generate RLMF which in turn produces ExMF
whenever interaction is made with charged particles, thus energizing these
particles to different values of K eV, M eV, G eV or T eV (as shown in
Graph.1).
If electric motors (2-12), (2-12),
(10-16) and (15-20) in Figs.1, 4, 5, 6 respectively, and (6-9), (7-10) and
(7-10) in Figs. 7, 8 and 9 respectively, which generates RLMF are stopped, the
energization process stops and increments in ExMF production also
stops; as a result energies built up in the electrons and protons are depleted
through the emissions of synchrotron radiation, as given by Eq.(12), and
therefore the maximum period for an energized particle to continue producing
the required magnitude of ExMF in order to sustain the system,
is given by:
Where, KTS is energy of the
charged particle in Joules, KM is the minimum required energy (to
sustain ExMF operating the system) in Joules, EC is quanta
of radiated synchrotron energy, and the sustainability period TS is
in seconds. Additionally, while TS indicating the maximum period
during which RLMF could be stopped, Eq.{13} also
gives the maximum period that charged particles are able to radiate emissions
(or aurora light).
3: CHARGED PARTICLES AND ROTATING LOW
MAGNETIC FIELD (RLMF)
3:1 CHARGED PARTICLES
As electrons (and protons or sometimes
both) provide the basis for operating these systems mention should be made as
to how these charged particles can be generated. There are four methods to
obtain these electrons (and protons), these are:
(a)
Space particles, which are
divided into two groups:
I-
Magnetosphere charged particles,
mostly from the sun and other stars.
II-
Inter-planetary, inter-stellar or
inter-Galactic charged particles.
(b)
Injection of charged particles
from internal surfaces of an object, where they emerge externally - as
demonstrated by Faraday in ice-pail experiment [15, 16].
(c)
Accumulated charged particles
using Van de Graff generation, and then transferring them externally by the
above method.
(d)
Ionization of air constituent,
using electromagnetic radiation with wavelength near ultra-violet radiation
4x103 - 2x103 Å (7.5x1014 – 1.5x1015
Hz) 4.969x10-19 – 9.939x10-19 J (3.102 - 6.203 eV) to
obtain required electrons.
3:2 OPERATING RLMF
The solenoids shown in Figs. 1, 4, 5, 6,
7, 8 & 9 are fixed on shafts of the second electric motor, when the motor
is switched into an electric current (from a battery or electric generator), RLMF
is produced. Rotational or movable three dimension distances (dK) that represents the RLMF
movements. This dK is related to
the arm radius (rc
= rx + ry
+ ry) of the solenoids and
the speeds (in frequency fc
= fx + fy
+ fz) for the motors, since v/rc =
2πfc = d/rc therefore,
dK is given by:
Where dx
is the distance rotated in x direction, dy
is the distance rotated in y direction, dz
is the distance rotated in z direction, rcx
is the radius rotated by the solenoid in the x direction, rcy is the radius rotated by the
solenoid in the y direction and rcz
is the radius rotate by the solenoid in the z direction. The RLMF
produced by the solenoid as the B1 in x direction given
by:
Where, n is the turning
density of lines (or N/l), I
is the current in amperes.
Substituting rc
in Eq.(15) with rc
from Eq.{14}, therefore RLMF (B1) is given
by
4: GENERATION OF
ELECTRICITY THROUGH ExMF
A simplified electricity generator is
shown in Fig. 4, composed of solenoid 13 fixed onto electric motor 12. When the
system is switched on by battery 3, the RLMF 14 rotates, interacts with
electrons (ionized by ionizer 15), thus producing ExMF 16, leading to the
energization of the electrons [4]. Since the produced ExMF 16 rotates with the motor 12,
it cuts two types of conductors 19 which each have N number of turns, thus
inducing electromotive force 20 across conductors 19, with the value expressed
by:
Where, Φ is flux density in Weber, N is number of wire turns,
t is time in second, BEI is in Tesla, with the
value108 being the number of lines of force in m2
(equivalent to one Tesla) that could produce one volt [5],
l is the length of the conductor cut
by the rotating ExMF, vm
is the velocity of ExMF (or the speed of the motor) and the e.m.f. ξ
is in volts (V).
Since different magnitudes of BEI
are producible, therefore any amount of ξ can be produced,
hence if this system is connected to a load, electric current will flow across
it. This work forms a theoretical basis for Searl's SEG
[11, 12]
with certain modifications [13].
5: THE TRANSLATIONAL FORCES of
DIAMAGNETIC MATERIALS
The magnetic force
, (where magnetic moment
) which acts on
diamagnetic materials [17] produces a force given by:
Where, VD is the interaction
volume of diamagnetic material in m3, 
is the susceptibility
of the diamagnetic material, 
is permeability of
free space
, and B is the applied magnetic field.
Measurement of negative susceptibility
of diamagnetic material [18], is carried out using the
translational force (FT) method [19] given by:
Where, is the susceptibility
of the diamagnetic material, 
is the susceptibility
of material adjacent to the diamagnetic surface (i.e. the air), 
is the field gradient
in amp2/meters3, and the translational force (FT)
is in
6:0
ExMF-PROPULSION SYSTEM (ExMF-PS)
6:1 HISTORICAL EXPERIMENTS
That the translational force given by Eq.(19) is momentary and enormous was demonstrated by P.
Kapitza at Cambridge University, when he immersed a 3 mm diameter glass rod in
liquid oxygen in a Dewar vacuum flask, and upon subjecting it to magnetic field
of 30 Tesla (300000 gauss) the glass rod was ejected momentarily to height of
7-8 meters [15, 20].
It should be pointed out that several
materials are diamagnetic, graphite and bismuth especially being the strongest
effected. All repel and are repelled by a strong magnetic field [15, 21], due
to their negative susceptibility [18] which is a measure of the translational
force resulting from imposing magnetic field on that material [19]. And even
though materials like wood and plastic expel only a very small portion
(0.00001%) of an applied magnetic field [22] these
characteristics have nonetheless, in diamagnetic studies, explained why such
materials and even several living tissues samples can be made to levitate
within a strong magnetic field [23].
The repulsion of the diamagnetic atom on
a micro scale is shown in Fig.2, while Fig.3 shows the displacement of a
diamagnetic material due to the translational force.
Levitation is used in the
SUPERCONDUCTING MAGNETICALLY LEVITATED VEHICLE (MAGLEV) [24], and intended by NASA in magnetic levitation (or
maglev) used for launching and lifting of vehicles for orbit [25]
aimed to produce high acceleration and cruising speed [26].
6:2 OPERATIONAL PARTICLES
The translational force (FT)
given by Eq.(19), can be produced when ExMF interacts with diamagnetic
material, the ExMF given by Eq.{6} is produced by capturing charged particles
through a RLMF, while under energization
processes [4], as shown in Fig.1.
To operate such a system, electrons (or
protons) are required. This could be
obtained from one of four sources mentioned in section 3:1. In 3:1-d
ultra-violet radiation is obtained from a ionizer
shown by 15 in both Figs 1 and Fig.4, by 18 in Fig.5, by 23 in Fig.6 and 5 in
Figs. 8 and 9, while Fig. 7 used bigger ionizer mechanism fixed on portholes 5,
these ionizers ionized air constituent for required electrons.
6:3
THE CONCEPT OF ExMF PROPULSION
The translational force produced
mentioned above by Kapitza [15, 20] and given by Eq.(19)
is momentary and tremendous but not continuous. If the glass rod, the vacuum
flask, and the subjected magnetic field of 30 Tesla are all arranged to be
linked mechanically together, the resultant force will agitate the glass rod
(like bringing together two magnets of same polarity).
But if both the glass volume is
increased and the applied magnetic field is increased, there results an ExMF
force (FEx) which moves
the whole system vertically, because the glass rod being diamagnetic will
behave like a magnet [27],
and interacts magnetically [2].
Since the resulting FEx requires the
application of an enormous, momentary, and continuously linked ExMF
the concept of an ExMF propulsion system (ExMF-PS) is defined as the
propulsion caused by repulsive forces resulting from the interaction of
continual ExMF upon the volume of the diamagnetic material - so that the
material produces a strong magnetic field to oppose and repel the ExMF.
6:4 THE ExMF OPERATIONAL ORCE
Fig.5, show the nature and production of FEx, where the driving machine consists
of an electric motor 10, a rotor spindle 11 connected with cross bar (or bars)
14 to which a motor 15 with solenoid 16 is fixed at each end of the bar. A
plate of Bismuth 2 (a diamagnetic material with highest
susceptibility [28]) is attached at the front, whereby the surface area of the
bismuth is one square meter and it is greater than the circles 20, formed by the
RLMF
produced by rotation of both solenoids on it as shown in Fig.5-C.
The diamagnetic materials expel only a
portion of the ExMF [22], therefore, the RLMF
produced by the solenoid continually emerging from the bismuth surface as shown
in Figs.5, 6, 7, 8 and 9, forms a circular path, shown by example 20 in
Fig.5.C.
Electrons ionized by 18 will be captured
by the RLMF, so that an intense ExMF will be produced as expressed
in Eq.{6}, while electrons will be energized to value
given by Eq.{11}, and shown in Graph.2.
Interaction of magnetic fields with a
diamagnetic element on a micro-level is shown in Figs.2, while interaction on a
macro-level is shown in Fig.3; therefore in Fig.5 the produced ExMF
19 interacts with the Bismuth 2 producing the ExMF operational force (FExO)
22, this force falls on the bismuth plate's magnetic-volume, moving the roller
8 of the machine in direction 23.
With regard to Eq.(19),
the produced ExMF operational force (FExO) is given by:
Where, is the susceptibility
of the bismuth, is the susceptibility
of the air between the diamagnetic material and the produced ExMF,
VD is the volume of the
bismuth upon which ExMF falls in m3, l is the length of the produced ExMF (or the vertical
field gradient) and the produced ExMF operational force (FExO)
is in Newtons.
7:0 THE FLYING
OBJECTS (FO) MECHANISM AND FORCE
7:1
STRUCTURE OF THE FLYING OBJECTS
Two types of flying objects (FO)
are described in this paper; the one with the cylindrical shape, named
Mothership Jedia (M-Jedia) shown in Fig.7, while the other is a
saucer of an oval shape named Ski Kush (S-Kush) shown in Figs.8.
Both FOs consist of an external
body made of bismuth 1 acting as a propellant and internal body 2 made of
ferromagnetic material to carry the payloads of occupants and instruments and
serves to divert the intense (and potentially harmful) ExMF from the interior.
Both bodies are connected with a support 3. As shown in fig.7, the FOs
contain sets of electric motors 6-9, 15-18-26, 33-36 operating sets of solenoids 10- 19, 27 and 37
that produce RLMF 11, 20 and 29. For fig.8 electric motors 7-10, 17-20 and
28-31 each operates sets of solenoids 11- 21 and 32 that produce RLMF
12 and 22. To ionize ambient air for electron production, an ionizer is fitted
on portholes 5 of M-Jedia, while electromagnetic radiation
emitter 5 is fitted atop S-Kush. These sets of ionizers produce
the charged particles required for the FO's propulsion forces.
7:2
STARTING TO FLY WITH THE FLYING OBJECTS
For both FOs to move from the
ground and start flying, the propulsion mechanism must be used in accordance to
the following requirements. First an ExMF ascending force (FExA)
must be operated, to raise the FOs from the ground. At the desired
altitude the FExA can be reduced to the degree that it balances
with the local gravitational force (Fg), thus an ExMF
levitation force (FExL) results which allows the FO to hover in the air
some altitude above the ground level. At this altitude, the FO
can then operate the ExMF driving force (FExD) for
forward drive. Due to the size and shape of M-Jedia, an ExMF
stability force (FExS) will be required to keep it balanced while in
flight or while maneuvering into special inclined positions. Stoppage or
reducing the speed of both FOs require the usage of the ExMF
Brake force (FExB), which produces a force opposite to the main
drive force. A combination of both FExA (FExL)
and FExD
will give various flight trajectory angles and velocities, and is given as the ExMF
resultant force (FExR).
7:3
FORCES OF THE FLYING OBJECTS
Force for both FOs is based on the
combined production of the following forces:
1-
ExMF ascending force
(FExA):
a-
For M-Jedia, RLMF
11 interacts with electrons 12 ionized by near ultra-violet radiator on each
porthole 5, producing ExMF 13 which interacts with bismuth
1 producing FExA force 14, thereby ascending M-Jedia
upwards.
b-
For S-Kush, RLMF
12 that interacts with electrons 13 ionized by electromagnetic radiation 5
produce ExMF 14 that interacts with bismuth 1 producing ExMF
FExA
force 16. Excessive (or leakage) ExMF 15 is diverted from internal
space 6 by ferromagnetic shell 2.
In both FOs
intense ExMF will be produced given by Eq.{6}
on the external surface of the lower hull.
Interaction of
the produced ExMF with the bismuth (hull) produces ExMF operational force (FExO),
given by Eq.(20), but this force is lifting FO
upwards, therefore it is the ascending force FExA. This
force moving the FO upwards is given by:
Where, FExA
is the ExMF ascending force in
Substituting BEI
in Eq.{21} with Eq.{6}, the ExMF FExA is given
by:
Where, FExA
is the ExMF ascending force in
2-
ExMF Levitation force
(FExL):
a-
For M-Jedia, RLMF
11 interacts with ionized electrons producing ExMF 13 which interacts
with bismuth 1 producing FExA. This force is then
made to balance with the local gravitational force (Fg), thus producing FExL,
that levitates M-Jedia some altitude above the ground.
b-
For S-Kush, RLMF
11 interacts with ionized electrons externally producing ExMF 13 that interacts
with bismuth 1 producing ExMF FExA. This
force is then made to balance with the local gravitational force (Fg), thus
producing FExL, that levitates S-Kush some
altitude above the ground.
The gravitation
force (Fg) [16]
acting on any material is given by
Where, m is the mass in kg, g is the universal gravitational
constant in N.m2/kg2, ρ
is the density of the material in kg.m-3, VD is the volume of the material in m3, and
the gravitational force (Fg) is
in Newtons.
If the FExA
given by Eq.{21}is produced in such way so as to
balanced the gravitational force given by Eq.(23) at a specific altitude then the force is ExMF FExL, which is given by:
Where, FExL is the ExMF levitation force in
Substituting BEI
in Eq.{24} with Eq.{6}, the ExMF FExL is given
by:
Where, FExL is the ExMF levitation force in
3-
ExMF Driving force (FExD):
a-
For M-Jedia, RLMF
20 interacts externally with electrons 21 producing ExMF 22 that interacts
with bismuth 1 producing ExMF FExD 23.
Excessive (or leakage) ExMF 42 is diverted away by
ferromagnetic material 2.
b-
For S-Kush, RLMF
22 interacts with electrons 23 producing ExMF 24 that interacts with bismuth
1 producing ExMF FExD 26. Excessive (or
leakage) ExMF 25 is absorbed by ferromagnetic material 2.
As shown above,
to forward drive M-Jedia and S-Kush, an intense ExMF
is produced given by Eq.{6} on the external surface of
the rear part of both FOs which are made from bismuth.
Interaction of
produced ExMF with the bismuth, produces ExMF operational force (FExO),
given by Eq.(20). Therefore substituting BEI
in the Eq.{20}, with the right-hand side of Eq.{6},
the ExMF
driving force (FExD), is
given by:
Where, FExD is the ExMF driving force in
Where, 
