THE SPINNING
MAGNETIC FORCE
Mahmoud E. Yousif
E-mail: info@exmfpropulsions.com
Tel: (+254) 722828833, Fax: (+254-2) 4448540
C/O Physics Department - The
PACS No: 12.10.Dm, 13.75.Cs, 21.10.Dr, 21.30.-x, 21.10.Hw
ABSTRACT
Formulas for magnitudes
of the spinning magnetic field (SMF) produced by protons, electrons and
neutrons are derived. Interaction mechanism between each group of particles and
with others produced spinning magnetic force (SM-force) of different
magnitudes. Energies resulted from these interactions and mass changed are
derived.
1- INTRODUCTION
The need
for an alternative source of energy, combined with need to explain many
phenomena, leads to the establishment of the Magnetic Interaction Hypothesis (MIH),
[1], in which the nature and mechanism of the nuclear force had been
established as an interaction caused by spinning magnetic field (SMF),
the example of proton-proton interaction was given. Characteristics of
neutrons, that it disintegrate at period of 918 seconds [2], it possess major
characteristics of both electrons and protons, except elementary charge, it
disintegrates into an electron and a proton [3], it exist in cosmic rays by
being liberated from atomic nuclei [4], it spins like the other fundamental
particles [5], it produced spinning magnetic field (SMF) that would be
caused by spinning point charge with negative charge of about 1.9 times the
fundamental unite [3]. Based on MIH [1], these characteristics were
reorganized with a postulation that, the interaction of electrons and protons
interact through SMF and electrostatic field producing an attractive
spinning magnetic force (SM-force) and electrostatic force, leading to
the integration of both particles, interactions mechanism and equations for
these particles are shown, electrostatic mechanism for neutrons formation had
been suggested [6] an a way of generating neutrons from hydrogen atoms was
assumed [7], all of which reflects trend for restoration of order. The strong SM-force,
bring change in energy and mass of the particles in line with Einstein’s
relation relating both. Understanding particles interaction could clarify the
mechanism behind atomic structure, molecules formations production of external
magnetic field and nuclear fusion leading to the understanding of the building
blocks for various higher mechanisms that accompanied fusion in stars and
planets or different other phenomena.
2- SPINNING MAGNETIC
FIELD
2.1 PROTON SPINNING MAGNETIC FIELD
The total magnetic field (BT) identified
as the spinning magnetic field (SMF) produced above poles of
spinning particles [1], is derived from
Where, B1P is proton's SMF
(B1U
for nucleus hydrogen atom), fps is the proton's
spinning frequency, ro is the radial distance from proton surface to a
point at which BTP is produced (ro=0.468 fm), rr
is distance from proton's surface along the magnetic field, mo is the
permeability of the free space, eo is the permittivity
of free space the BTp is in Tesla.
Fig.1, shows the relative structure of protons SMF.
2.2
NEUTRONS SPINNING MAGNETIC FIELD
Since
neutrons data imply that it have an internal structure which include positive
and negative charges [8], therefore re-arrangements of known data lead to
assumption that neutrons are resulted from interaction of both electrons and
protons, where they oppositely spins within one sphere. Since opposite gyration
of electrons and protons around fixed center produced magnetic fields of same
direction, [9] therefore, combination of both fields in neutron is given by
Where, B1N
is the neutron SMF, fns is neutron spinning frequency it is a
combination of proton’s spinning frequency (fps) and electron’s
spinning frequency (fes), fns = fps x fes
BTN is in Tesla. Fig.1, shows the relative structure of neutrons
SMF.
2.3
ELECTRON SPINNING MAGNETIC FIELD (ESMF)
It is
thought that, while in neutrons electron’s spinning frequency (fes)
is reduced according to electron-proton mass ratio (1/1836.152756). Therefore,
electron spinning frequency (fes) is given by
Where, me
is electron mass and the electron spinning frequency fes is in s-1.
Therefore,
electron’s total produced spinning magnetic field (ESMF) is given by
Where, re
is the electron radius, BTE is in Tesla. Fig.1, shows the
relative structure of electrons SMF.
3- THE SPINNING MAGNETIC
FORCE (SM-force)
3:1
PROTON-PROTON INTERACTION
Interaction
between two proton’s SMF produced spinning magnetic force (SM-Force)
which is the nuclear force for nucleons [1]. Taken Coulomb force under
consideration, the result of two protons SM-force is given by
Where, n
is the number of steps moved by SMF starting from r = 0.8 fm (rr
= 0.4fm), rx is the distance moved at each step (rx
= 0.05fm), the SM-Force (FS(PP)) (or nuclear force for
nucleons) is in
3:2
ELECTRON-ELECTRON INTERACTION
Under
certain conditions electrons interacts with each other, produced SM-Force FS(EE)
is given by
Where, BTE
is the electron’s SMF in Tesla. Characteristics of SM-force resulted from
Electron-Electron (E-E), is shown in Fig.2.
3:3
ELECTRON-PROTON INTERACTION (NEUTRON PRODUCTION)
Interaction
of electron’s and proton’s SMF produced attractive SM-force and
mutual electrostatic force. As shown in Fig.2, result of magnitude for both
forces increases at very short distances, finally leading to the integration of
both particles, thus neutralizing each other charge for external relation with
the production of circular magnetic field (CMF), with both particles
spins oppositely. The SM-force is given by
Where, BTE
is the electron’s SMF in Tesla.
Characteristics of SM-force resulted from Electron-Proton (E-P)
interaction, is shown in Fig.2.
3:4
PROTON-NEUTRON INTERACTION
Whenever
proton’s and neutron’s SMF comes under each other field of influence, a SM-Force
FS (PN) (or nuclear force) is produced, the force
is given by
Where, BTN
is the neutron’s SMF in Tesla, the SM-Force
FS (PN) is in
Fig. 2. Spinning magnetic
force (SMFc) resulted from interaction of Electron-Electron, Proton-Proton,
Electron-Proton (Neutral production),
Proto-Neutron and Neutron-Neutron. SMFc also represents the
Nuclear force for
nucleons.
3:5 NEUTRON-NEUTRON INTERACTION
Whenever
two neutron’s SMF comes under each other influence, a SM-Force FS
(NN) (or nuclear force) is produced, the force is given by
Where, BTN
is the neutron’s SMF in Tesla. Characteristics of SM-force
resulted from Neutron-Neutron (N-N) interaction, is shown in Fig.2.
4- THE NUCLEAR ENERGY
4:1
NEUTRON MASS
Electrons
and protons interaction give raise to great velocity and energy within SMF
therefore the energy of the system as given by Eq.{14} [1] is related to
Einstein’s relation of mass and energy, thus the following is obtained
From
Eq.{10}, resulted neutron mass is given by
Where, mp
and me are the proton and electron mass in kg respectively, c is the
speed of the light in m.s-1, and the neutron mass mn is
in kg.
4:2
NUCLEUSES MASS DEFICIENCY
Interaction
between nucleons (N-P and N-N), cause nucleus mass deficiency,
the interaction of intense SMF is thought to cause nuclear mass
deficiency thus
Where, mp
is proton’s rest mass and mpd is proton mass in the nuclei.
While, interaction
of two neutrons is given by
Where, mnd1
is neutron mass in kg resulted from N-P interaction, while interaction of N-N
inside nucleus, cause nuclear mass deficiency, the new neutron mass (mnd2)
is express by
Where, mn
is the neutron rest mass and mnd2 is the neutron mass in nucleus.
4:3 MASS
DEFICIENCY IN GENERALY
The general
equation for obtaining mass of a nucleus is given by
Where, Np
is the number of protons, Nn1 is the number of neutrons interacted
through P-N, Nn2 is the number of neutrons interacted through
N-N the nucleus mass mud is in kg.
5- CONCLUSION
1-
This paper present what thought to be the basic ideas about SMF
and SM-force produced and resulted from the elementary particles.
2-
SM-force form the nuclear
force in nucleus, it also give the important E-E interaction among many
others.
3-
The four major interactions (E-P, P-P, P-N and N-N)
gives the same shapes, it only differ in magnitudes.
4-
Graph of E-P interaction could never easily be measured because
of it is illusiveness.
5-
As protons and neutrons are important in nucleus formation, so
electrons and protons are important in the production of external magnetic
field (EMF).
6-
E-E interaction operates
within the repulsive range of the graph.
7-
Decrease of SM-force for E-P interaction at r < 0.9 fm
due to the repulsive force latter overcome by electrostatic force.
8-
These ideas should give better understanding to block structure of many
phenomena, among them, the aurora nuclear fusion and the structure of new
flying objects (NFO’s).
9-
In nucleus, combination of electrons and protons SMF behave and rotate
as one unit, when disintegrated, both particles start precession, thus bringing
change in the axis of ESMF and PSMF, therefore repelling each other
magnetically.
10- The value some parameters are: ro
= 0.468 fm, rp = rn = re = 1.1060236231x10-15
m, fps = 0.079577471 S, fes = 3683.223344 s-1.
11- Physical constant used, [2] are: q = 1.60217733x10-19
C, m = 9.1093897x10-31 kg. h = 6.6260755x10-34 J.s, mp = 1.6726231x10-27 kg, mn
= 1.6749286x10-27 kg. and , eo = 8.854223x10-12
C2.N-1.m-2 [5]
AKNOWLEDGMENT
Gratitude
to my sister Sophya, her husband Abubakar Mohamad and children for their
hospitality. The Chairman of Physics Department, University of Nairobi Prof. J.
Otieno Malo, late Prof. B.O. Kola, Dr John Buers Awuor Dr Lino Gwaki and, Dr P.
Baki in the Physics Department. Late Yousif Kuwa Makki, Malik Agar, Abdulaziz
Adam Alhilu, Ms Fatma Abdulgadir, the stuff of Relief Organization of Fazugli
(ROOF), Nuba Relief Rehabilitation and Development Organization (NRRDO),
particularly Mr Ali Abdulrahman, Ramadan Hassan and Jacob Idriss. Brothers and
sisters, Mustafa, Mahamad, Halima, and Hukmalla. Finally, Arnold Njeru and
Chiromo Library Stuff.
6- REFERENCE
[1] Yousif, Mahmoud E. “The Magnetic Interaction”, Comprehensive
Theory Articles, Journal of Theoretics, Vol. 5-3, June/July 2003.
At: http://d1002391.mydomainwebhost.com/JOT/Links/Papers/MY.pdf
[2] Trinklein, F.
E. 1990 Modern Physics, Holt, Rinehart and Winston, N.Y).
[3]
[4] McGraw-Hill
Encyclopaedia of Science and Technology 1982 5th edition, Vol.14, McGraw-Hill
Book Co.,
[5] Elwell D. and
A.J. 1978 Pointon Physics for Engineers and Scientists, Ellis Horwood Ltd.
[6] Roger Ellman,
“A New Look at the Neutron and the Lamb Shift”, Comprehensive Theory Articles,
Journal of Theoretics.
[7] Gabriel
Thierrin “From Hydrogen Atoms to Neutrons” Journal of Theoretics, Vol. 5-3
June/July 2003.
[8] Yuval Ne´eman and Yoram
Kirsh, 1996 The Particle Hunters,
[9] Mouldin, John
H. 1986 Particlec in Nature, Tab Books Inc., blue Ridge Summit, PA.
Published by:
