THE SPINNING
MAGNETIC FORCE
Mahmoud E. Yousif
E-mail: yousif@exmfpropulsions.com
Tel: (+254) 715585050, Fax:
(+254-2) 4448540
C/O Physics Department - The
PACS No: 12.10.Dm, 13.75.Cs, 21.10.Dr, 21.30.-x, 21.10.Hw
ABSTRACT
Formulas for magnitudes
of the spinning magnetic field (SMF) produced by protons,
electrons and neutrons are derived. Interaction mechanism between each group of
particles and with others produced spinning magnetic force (SMFs)
of different magnitudes. Energies resulted from these interactions and mass
changed are derived.
1- INTRODUCTION
The need for an alternative source of energy, combined with need to
explain many phenomena, leads to the establishment of the Magnetic Interaction
Hypothesis (MIH), [1], in which the nature and mechanism of the
nuclear force had been established as an interaction caused by spinning
magnetic field (SMF), the example of proton-proton interaction
was given. Characteristics of neutrons, that it disintegrate at period of 918
seconds [2], it possess major characteristics of both electrons and protons,
except elementary charge, it disintegrates into an electron and a proton [3],
it exist in cosmic rays by being liberated from atomic nuclei [4], it spins
like the other fundamental particles [5], it produced spinning magnetic field (SMF)
that would be caused by spinning point charge with negative charge of about 1.9
times the fundamental unite [3]. Based on MIH [1], these
characteristics were reorganized with a postulation that, the interaction of
electrons and protons through SMF and electrostatic field
producing an attractive spinning magnetic force (SMFs) and
electrostatic force, leading to the integration of both particles, interactions
mechanism and equations for these particles are shown, electrostatic mechanism
for neutrons formation had been suggested [6] and a way of generating neutrons
from hydrogen atoms was assumed [7], all of which reflects trend for
restoration of order. The strong SMFs, bring change in energy and
mass of the particles in line with Einstein’s relation relating both. Understanding
particles interaction could clarify the mechanism behind atomic structure,
molecules formations production of external magnetic field and nuclear fusion
leading to the understanding of the building blocks for various higher
mechanisms that accompanied fusion in stars and planets or different other
phenomena.
2- SPINNING MAGNETIC
FIELD
2.1 PROTON SPINNING MAGNETIC FIELD
The total magnetic field (BT) identified
as the spinning magnetic field (SMF) produced above poles of
spinning particles [1], is derived from
Where, B1P is proton's SMF
(B1U
for nucleus hydrogen atom), fps is the proton's
spinning frequency, ro is the radial
distance from proton surface to a point at which BTP is
produced (ro=0.468 fm), rr is distance from proton's surface along
the magnetic field, mo is the
permeability of the free space, eo is the permittivity
of free space the BTp is in Tesla. Fig.1, shows the relative structure of protons SMF.
2.2
NEUTRONS SPINNING MAGNETIC FIELD
Since
neutrons data imply that it have an internal structure which include positive
and negative charges [8], therefore re-arrangements of known data lead to
assumption that neutrons are resulted from interaction of both electrons and
protons, where they oppositely spins within one sphere. Since opposite gyration
of electrons and protons around fixed center produced magnetic fields of same
direction, [9] therefore, combination of both fields in neutron is given by
Where, B1N
is the neutron SMF, fns is neutron spinning frequency it is a
combination of proton’s spinning frequency (fps) and electron’s
spinning frequency (fes), fns =
fps x fes BTN
is in Tesla. Fig.1, shows the relative structure of neutrons SMF.
2.3
ELECTRON SPINNING MAGNETIC FIELD (ESMF)
It is
thought that, while in neutrons electron’s spinning frequency (fes) is reduced according to electron-proton
mass ratio (1/1836.152756). Therefore, electron spinning frequency (fes) is given by
Where, me
is electron mass and the electron spinning frequency fes
is in s-1.
Therefore,
electron’s total produced spinning magnetic field (ESMF) is given
by
Where, re
is the electron radius, BTE is in Tesla. Fig.1, shows the
relative structure of electrons SMF.
Fig.1. Relative intensities
of spinning magnetic field (SMF) and interaction mechanism for P-P,
E-E, E-P (Neutron production), P-N and N-N.
The figure also shows interaction parameters.
3- THE SPINNING MAGNETIC FORCE (SMFs)
3:1
PROTON-PROTON INTERACTION
Interaction
between two proton’s SMF produced spinning magnetic force (SMFs)
which is the nuclear force for nucleons [1]. Taken Coulomb force under
consideration, the result of two protons SMFs is given by
Where, n
is the number of steps moved by SMF starting from r = 0.8 fm (rr = 0.4fm), rx
is the distance moved at each step (rx =
0.05fm), the SMFs (FS(PP))
(or nuclear force for nucleons) is in
3:2
ELECTRON-ELECTRON INTERACTION
Under
certain conditions electrons interacts with each other, produced SMFs
FS(EE) is given by
Where, BTE
is the electron’s SMF in Tesla. Characteristics of SMFs resulted from Electron-Electron (E-E), is shown in Fig.2.
3:3
ELECTRON-PROTON INTERACTION (NEUTRON PRODUCTION)
Interaction
of electron’s and proton’s SMF produced attractive SMFs
and mutual electrostatic force. As shown in Fig.2, result of magnitude for both
forces increases at very short distances, finally leading to the integration of
both particles, thus with both particles spins oppositely, therefore
neutralizing each other charge that responsible for the production of circular
magnetic field (CMF).
The SMFs
is given by
Where, BTE
is the electron’s SMF in Tesla. Characteristics of SMFs resulted from Electron-Proton (E-P)
interaction, is shown in Fig.2.
3:4
PROTON-NEUTRON INTERACTION
Whenever
proton’s and neutron’s SMF comes under each other field of
influence, a SMFs FS (PN) (or
nuclear force) is produced, the force is given by
Where, BTN
is the neutron’s SMF in Tesla, the SMFs FS (PN) is in
Fig. 2. Spinning magnetic force (SMFc)
resulted from interaction of Electron-Electron (E-E),
Proton-Proton (P-P), Electron-Proton E-P (Neutral
production), Proto-Neutron (P-N) and Neutron-Neutron (N-N). SMFc also Represents the Nuclear force for
nucleons.
3:5 NEUTRON-NEUTRON INTERACTION
Whenever
two neutron’s SMF comes under each other influence as shown in
Fig.1-E, a SMFs FS (NN) (or nuclear force) is produced,
the force is given by
Where, BTN
is the neutron’s SMF in Tesla. Characteristics of SMFs resulted from Neutron-Neutron (N-N)
interaction, is shown in Fig.2.
4- THE NUCLEAR ENERGY
4:1
NEUTRON MASS
Electrons
and protons interaction give raise to great velocity and energy within SMF
therefore the energy of the system as given by Eq.{14} [1] is related to
Einstein’s relation of mass and energy, thus the following is obtained
From
Eq.{10}, resulted neutron mass is given by
Where, mp
and me are the proton and electron mass in kg respectively, c is the
speed of the light in m.s-1, and the neutron mass mn is in kg.
4:2
NUCLEUSES MASS DEFICIENCY
Interaction
between nucleons (N-P and N-N), cause nucleus mass deficiency,
the interaction of intense SMF is thought to cause nuclear mass
deficiency thus
Where, mp
is proton’s rest mass and mpd is proton
mass in the nuclei.
While,
interaction of two neutrons is given by
Where, mnd1
is neutron mass in kg resulted from N-P interaction, while interaction of N-N
inside nucleus, cause nuclear mass deficiency, the new neutron mass (mnd2)
is express by
Where, mn is the neutron rest mass and mnd2
is the neutron mass in nucleus.
4:3
MASS DEFICIENCY IN GENERALY
The general
equation for obtaining mass of a nucleus is given by
Where, Np is the number of protons, Nn1 is
the number of neutrons interacted through P-N, Nn2 is the
number of neutrons interacted through N-N the nucleus mass mud
is in kg.
5- CONCLUSION
1-
This paper present what thought to be the basic ideas about SMF
and SMFs produced and resulted from the elementary particles.
2-
SMFs
form the nuclear force in nucleus, it also give the important E-N
interaction among many others.
3-
The four major interactions (E-P, P-P, P-N and N-N)
gives the same shapes, it only differ in magnitudes.
4-
Graph of E-P interaction could never easily be measured because
of it is illusiveness.
5-
As protons and neutrons are important in nucleus formation, so
electrons and protons are important in the production of external magnetic
field (EMF) and Neutrons formation.
6-
E-E interaction operates
within the repulsive range of the graph.
7-
Decrease of SMFs for E-P interaction at r < 0.9
fm due to the repulsive force latter overcome by electrostatic force.
8-
These ideas should give better understanding to block structure of many
phenomena, among them, the aurora, nuclear fusion and the structure of new
flying objects (NFO’s).
9-
In nucleus, combination of electrons and protons SMF
behave and rotate as one unit, when disintegrated, both particles start
precession, thus bringing change in the axis of ESMF and PSMF,
therefore repelling each other magnetically.
10- The value of some parameters are:
ro = 0.468 fm, rp
= rn = re = 1.1060236231x10-15
m, fps = 0.079577471 S, fes =
3683.223344 s-1.
11- Physical constant used, [2] are: q = 1.60217733x10-19
C, m = 9.1093897x10-31 kg. h = 6.6260755x10-34 J.s, mp = 1.6726231x10-27 kg, mn =
1.6749286x10-27 kg. and , eo = 8.854223x10-12
C2.N-1.m-2 [5]
AKNOWLEDGMENT
Gratitude
to my sister Safya, her husband Abubakar
Mohamad and family for their hospitality. The
Chairman of Physics Department, University of Nairobi Prof. J. Otieno Malo, late Prof. B.O.
Kola, Dr John Buers Awuor
Dr Lino Gwaki and, Dr P. Baki
in the Physics Department. Late Yousif Kuwa Makki, Nuba Relief Rehabilitation
and Development Organization (NRRDO), particularly Mr
Ali Abdulrahman, Ramadan Hassan and Jacob Idriss. Brothers and sisters, Mustafa, Mahamad,
Halima, Hukmalla and Ismail. Finally, Arnold Njeru and Chiromo Library Stuff.
6- REFERENCE
[1] Yousif, Mahmoud E. “The Magnetic Interaction”, Comprehensive
Theory Articles, Journal of Theoretics, Vol. 5-3, June/July 2003.
At: http://d1002391.mydomainwebhost.com/JOT/Links/Papers/MY.pdf
[2] Trinklein, F. E. 1990 Modern Physics, Holt, Rinehart and
Winston, N.Y).
[3]
[4] McGraw-Hill
Encyclopaedia of Science and Technology 1982 5th edition, Vol.14, McGraw-Hill
Book Co.,
[5] Elwell D. and A.J. 1978 Pointon
Physics for Engineers and Scientists, Ellis Horwood
Ltd.
[6] Roger Ellman, “A New Look at the Neutron and the Lamb Shift”,
Comprehensive Theory Articles, Journal of Theoretics.
[7] Gabriel Thierrin “From Hydrogen Atoms to Neutrons” Journal of
Theoretics, Vol. 5-3 June/July 2003.
[8] Yuval Ne´eman and Yoram Kirsh, 1996 The Particle Hunters,
[9] Mouldin, John H. 1986 Particlec
in Nature, Tab Books Inc., blue Ridge Summit, PA.
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