_______________________________
The Sunspots Mechanism
By: Mahmoud E.
Yousif
e-mail: yousif@exmfpropulsions.com
C/O
Physics Department - The University of Nairobi
PACS No: 96.60.-j,
96.60.qd, 96.60.Hv
Sunspots are produced in the transitional zone
of tachocline between the radiative and convection zone, at a suitable internal
low magnetic lines of force (LMLF), with abundance electrons and
protons, the production is carried out by slow process of both electrons and
protons captured by the LMLF, produced sunspots two pillars are
later ejected to move to the adjacent photosphere solar latitude, then
poleward.
1-
INTRODUCTION
As a source of
energy, the Sun continuously provide inhabit environment to our planet Earth.
As an enormous enclosed sphere radiating spectrum of different wavelength, it fulfilled
the basic requirements of providing different present species with survival
needs, for that reason, early human beings created myths around the sun [1].
The Sun radiates
electromagnetic radiations of different wavelength; it also exhibited phenomena
such as the Prominence, Flares, corona mass ejection (CME), Solar
wind, and the Sunspots [2]. These phenomena as they plays great roles, other
roles start emerging, while other factors may be disclosed in future, now it is
known that, all these phenomena relates to the Sunspots [3], which in turn represents part of the
Sun’s strong and complex magnetic field [4].
The Sunspots production
and relation to other phenomena generates many debates and speculations [5], a good
example is the Babcock Model [6] which explained the phenomenon within
available related knowledge, with lack of alternative theory, and the model adds
complexity to Sunspot mechanism and related phenomena. Solar activities
resulted from the interaction of ionized solar plasma with the magnetic field
produced by these plasma [7], thus it is interlock relation created by the
plasma.
The basic knowledge
of the solar system mechanism is crucial and essential for the survival of human
kind, and we can’t properly understand other stars and life elsewhere if we
failed to understand mechanism that regulates our sun.
As an energy
generator, the Sun engulfed with related knowledge in a mystic phenomena, which
required different tools to help penetrate deep beneath the Sunspots.
Since the
Universal energies (UE) [8] was published
in 2003, three important satellites [9] were launched
to study the Sun, the astonishing footages by NASA's Solar Dynamics Observatory
(SDO) [10] and others,
showed the dynamics of energy process in Sun’s peripheries, these outstanding
wealth of knowledge, as it generate questions, which will never reflects
positively on human progress if never get proper answers and foundation to built
upon.
A new analysis
lead to conclusion that Pioneer V had failed to detected embedded solar
magnetic field when first engulfed with solar plasma on Mach 30, 1960 [11], while
high interplanetary magnetic field was measured five hours later by Pioneer V, after
first been measured by Honolulu station, all of which suggested that an
Interplanetary-External Magnetic Field (I-ExMF) is produced
within the magnetosheath and other spatial areas within the interplanetary
space [11], these finding shows an independent mechanism for local production
of I-ExMF, which is not related to the fields from the sun [12].
This paper is
aimed to help answer questions related to sunspots production and others questions,
based on the new fundamental physics as introduced by
The Magnetic Interaction Hypothesis (MIH) [13]
and The Spinning Magnetic Force (SMF) [14]
that leads to a process for production of external magnetic field (ExMF)
which is shown in my Universal
Energies (UE)
document [8],
it was further enhanced by the introduction of the Elements of Magnetic Lines
of Force (EMLF) [15], these
has led to an entirely new hypothesis for energy transformation.
Although
sunspots complexity was deepened by the difference between what is seen on solar
photosphere and the long internal mechanism producing the phenomenon, the
difference between both could take a period of months as for the reversal
fields [16] or
years as for the sunspots, but sunspots knowledge has been approached
differently by the suggestion that what lay beneath the sunspots is a pillar shape
structured from the plasma [17]. The important aspects of this paper, is that it
laid the bases upon which solar activities and ExMF could better
be understood.
2-
Structure of the
Dynamic Spinning Sun
The Sun is composed
mainly of plasma (electrons and protons), hydrogen, helium and other elements [2],
it is thought to consist of the core, radiative, tachocline and convection zones
[18], most of
internal structures and mechanisms was interfered from characteristics
exhibited by the Sun, and recently advanced methods of Helioseismology enabled investigation of
internal structures and dynamics of the Sun [19]. Solar main known
characteristic was the Sunspots, which is explained as resulted from twisting magnetic
lines and the Dynamo process [18], there is no comprehensive
dynamo theory [20].
Since Sunspots
as part of solar activities, emerged or tend to formed between latitudes ±40o
degrees north and south of the solar hemispheres, while the last appear at ±8o
of the equator [7], this formations gives butterfly shape [21], and the
sunspots’ fields are decay sinking [2], these either shows the Sunspot may have
a different system of spinning or movement or it emerged from a spinning gaseous
body of different spinning.
3-
Sunspots
Building and Movement
Sunspots are
confined to equatorial belt between ±35 degrees south and north latitudes [21]. At the
beginning of a new solar cycle, sunspots tend to form at high latitudes, but as
the cycle reaches a maximum (large numbers of sunspots) the spots form at lower
latitudes, near the minimum of the cycle, sunspots appear even closer to the
equator at maximum of the cycle, and as a new cycle starts it moved back to
higher latitudes, this regular variation shows the nature of sunspots [25], based
on butterfly patterns [21], meanwhile
sunspots have movements in horizontal direction called Evershed effect [37].
SOHO solar
satellite draw image of the subsurface structure bellow the sunspot shown in
Fig.3, the three dimension figure clearly shows the sunspot with downward
extension similar to cylindrical body [38], relating this
to 1998 tornadoes of
Giant spinning clouds of gas first found on the Sun by the SOHO spacecraft [39, 40], and an images like a tornado does on Earth, from NASA's STEREO satellite
taken on April 9, 2008 [41]
of Solar Tornado [42]
Also the first
images from NASA’s Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO), April 21, 2010, taken on the sunspot structure
on sun's surface shows a twist like Tornado [43] Fig.4, this twist movement, also occur in solar jets, which
produce tornado-like events close to the sun's poles [44] shown in Fig.5.
As present results are difficult to be accommodating within such theory
as the Babcock Model [6], a different theory model developed for solar activities based
on the Magnetic Interaction [13] and related paper of the Universal Energies [8] is proposed.
4-
Sunspots: the pillars Formations
The solar
internal mechanism produce low magnetic lines of force (LMLF) at
the core as sown in Fig.2 [33], which rotates
with both the internal and external bodies, as shown in Fig.5 and Fig.6, while
the tachocline inner space is thought to contain large amount of highly
concentrated charged particles, the rotating LMLF interacts with electrons
and protons in the plasma space, the particles attracted towards the rotating LMLF
[13, 14], the capturing
process is given by Eq. {1}.
Where, BS1
is single solar magnetic line of force, Bp(e)
proton or electron circular magnetic field (CMF) [13], rm2
is charged particle magnetic radius, c is the speed of light, vB is the LMLF velocity,
ϑ is a factor that will be known with time, tSSF
is the period started at the interaction time, and CCP
is the capturing process.
Electrons gyrate
at smaller radius, while proton gyrates at larger radius [13], the process leads to slow formation of pillars of two
layers of rotating charged particles by each magnetic lines of force, as shown
in Fig.6.
The magnet
interaction of circular magnetic field (CMF) [13], produced
external magnetic field (ExMF) [14] as showed for
three orbits of protons in Fig.7, with the produced field shape shown in Fig.8,
where gyrate protons around LMLF increased in numbers with time
and ExMF intensity, the same with electrons.
The intense produced
ExMF given by Eq.2, decrease the radius of gyration for all electrons
and protons, and reduced distances between two adjacent electrons and protons [8].
Where, is the previous magnetic
field (starting with original field B1) in Tesla, c is
speed of light in m.s-1, l
is the effective length of the magnetic lines of force (along which charged
particles gyrates) in meters, q is the elementary charge in Coulomb, nm
is the number of charged particles along one meter length, m is the mass of
charged particles in kg, vc
is velocity of captured charged particle in m.s-1, γps is the relative magnitudes of the
primary and secondary ExMF in the final production of
solar ExMF [45], and the produced BSEI
is in Tesla.
Thick pillars of
both electrons and protons formed at tachocline zone, producing intense ExMF
[8, 45], the produced ExMF
increased the energization of both electrons and protons [8, 13, 45], given by
Where,
BSEI is the rotating magnetic field, which is the
sunspot fields in Tesla, B2 is the circular magnetic field of
charged particle (CMF) in Tesla, rm is
the magnetic radius of CMF in meter, is the angle between the two fields BSEI and
B2 (CMF) at
interaction moment, dK (dX
= dY + dZ) is three dimension distance traveled by the magnetic line of force in meters.
The
change of energy Ki subjected to by electrons and protons at the transitional layer
of tachocline [19] is given by:
Where,
the kinetic energy K is in Joules.
But
as the ExMF increased, this reflects on the final energization process,
which is given by:
Where,
K1, K2 …… Kn are energization executed at each
stage, e = ei
where ei is
the error of continuity approximation at step i, and the total approximate
energy radiated to the corona system KTS is in Joules.
5-
Pillars Ejection
Process
Pillars building
process shown in Fig.6, continued for around 1.5 years [46], till a saturation point
is reached, where orbits of inner electrons of the internal gyrating pillars
shown in Fig.6, reached state of electrons fusion, where the whole internal
electrons layers in the pillar fused, then ejected from the LMLF
[8, 45]. While in anti-clockwise
rotation, fused electrons pillar is ejected, penetrating surrounding gyrating
protons. This action ejects the clockwise gyrating protons pillars from the LMLF,
as shown in Fig.6.
Ejected electrons
and protons pillars, keeps rotating and producing intense ExMF while
moving like two hurricanes, preceded by the larger protons pillar of intense ExMF
when northern pole having positive magnetic fields and followed by the smaller negative
electrons pillar of low ExMF, this process is reversed in the opposite
solar hemisphere. The movement is related to LMLF that ejected
the sunspot. The proton pillar is shown in Fig.9.
6-
Sunspots Movements
As both pillars
moved towards the photosphere, it gains more charged particles, the momentum, and
velocity increased, thus the ExMF intensity. As it is known the
positive or preceding (protons) sunspot is larger with magnetic flux three
times that of the negative or following (electrons) [2].
As shown in Fig.6,
since higher latitudes pillars were first to be formed, they are the first to
be saturates hence ejected, followed by pillars of lower latitudes, until the
last and final pillars near the equator are ejected during the magnetic
reversal [46], and since these pillars are produced from a system the equator
of which is corresponding the photosphere equator, therefore any pillar moving
from the LMLF will emerged at corresponding latitudes on the
solar surface, thus higher latitudes sunspots indicates starts of solar cycle
[46].
The solar cycle
is thought to be given by [46]
Where,
the tSSF is the sunspots
formation around the LMLF in seconds (mentioned in Eq.{1}), ts is the drift periods towards
the surface in seconds, tp is poleward
drift period In seconds, and the solar cycle periods SCP
in years [46].
Since charged particles in the sun are energized to high levels [47], and it is detected by TRACE with material upward movement from below to above the photosphere [48], therefore, such continual energization process in sunspots given by Eq.{5} are dissipated through the coronal zone.
Emerging from
the photosphere, Sunspots ExMF becomes intense, the gyrating two pillars
constantly attracted each other along the way and above the photosphere as a
black magnetic lines of force or the umbra, surrounding by solar granules or
the penumbra [49]
Since Ulysses satellite established that, field lines near the solar
equator were not closed loops [31],
therefore LMLF are closed at the equator, hence electrons and
protons can’t interacts in the same manner, thus sunspots pillars are not
produced at or nearer the equator.
As detected by
SOHO [50] and shown in Fig.10,
convey belt represents part of the Sunspots movement, where they moved from
photosphere surface towards the poles, therefore from this, the general
mechanism for Sunspots movements is shown in Fig.11, in which Sunspots are
produced around the Sunspot-Belt in the transitional solar tachocline zone
shown with the pink circle. When saturated both electrons (negative) and
protons (positive) pillars disintegrated (Fig.6), and moves towards the solar photosphere
surface shown in Fig.11 with Blue-Arrows, at surface it drifted into sideline
movement, shown by Brown-Arrow to the conveyor-Belt and to both northern and
southern poles from each respective hemisphere.
During each
solar flare, most of sunspot disintegrates after the explosions into energized
primary charged particles with ions [53], therefore nearer the two poles and
after the big flares [54] solar cycle
periods (SCP) started once again [46].
7-
The Hurricanes
Pillars
The
sunspots pillars, with hurricanes movements are known from specific
characteristics, and computer stimulated model, the wider is the positive
pillar, its magnetic field is intensive, and vertical, interaction with
surrounding granules materials gives the penumbra with related horizontal
field, while the negative pillars composed of electrons with less diameter and
intensity [51], the shapes
and types of ExMF produced by these sunspots hurricanes and shown
by TRACE satellite [52], gives a
complex magnetic field that could be computerized simulated, based on present
theoretical perspectives.
The
sunspot shown in Fig.9, contained charged particles gyrating in an orbit as
shown in Fig.7, it radiates electromagnetic radiations of several wavelength [8], this may
explain the source of radio noise storms [7] as caused by the Solar Flares or
the External Nuclear Fusion [53].
8-
Acknowledgement
Gratitude to the Chairman of Physics Department, University
of Nairobi late Prof. B.O. Kola, Prof. John Buers Awuor, Prof. Lino Gwaki and Prof. P. Baki. The Late Yousif Kuwa Makki, the late Dr. Tajudeen
Abdul-Raheem, Mr Ali Abdulrahman, Dr Ali Khogali, Shiekh-Eldien Mousa, Chiromo Library Stuff.
9-
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